英语冠词用法系列讲座(五)
冠词的后置
冠词通常位于名词或名词修饰语前，也就是说冠词通常前置。冠词在many, such, what, as, how, so, too, rather, quite, half, all,**oth, double, twice, three time, one-tenth, two-fifths等词之后的现象，称为冠词“后置”或冠词“错位”。
5.1 冠词有时置于half之前，有时置于half之后：
① 当half作为限定词修饰名词时，不定冠词可位于half之后(英国用法)，也可位于half之前(美国用法)：
I will arrive in half an hour. = I will arrive in a half hour. 我半小时内到。
I live half a mile from here. = I live a half mile from here. 我住在离这里半英里的地方。
② 当half用于表示“几个半”的情形时，不定冠词必须位于half之前；其词序为“数词+ and a half +复数名词”或“a[an]或one +单数名词+ and a half”或“two及以上的数词+复数名词+ and a half”：
How long have you**een there? — Two and a half years. (也可说Two years and a half.) 你在那多久了——两年半了。
I took one and a half hours to solve the problem. = I took one hour and a half to solve the problem. 我花了一个半小时解出了这道题。
It took us an hour and a half to get there. = It took us one and a half hours to get there. 去那儿花了我们一个半小时。
The overtime rate** one and a half times normal pay. (不可说a time and a half ) 加班费是他正常工资的1.5倍。
A month and a half has passed. = One and a half months have passed. 已经过去了一个半月(按现代语法，谓语的数与名词的数一致，前一句更正式)。
A year and a half has passed. = One and a half years has passed. 已经过去了一年半(按传统语法，谓语一律用单数，前一句更正式)。
③ 当half表示的含义不是“一半”时，不定冠词必须位于half之前：
I’ve got two half sisters and a half**rother. 我有两个同父异母(或同母异父)的姐妹和一个同父异母(或同母异父)的兄弟。
④ 当half前有形容词修饰时，不定冠词置于形容词前：
It was a dull half hour. 那是十分沉闷的半小时。
I had an interesting half hour. 我过了有趣的半小时。
I’m staying for another half hour. 我打算再呆半小时。
⑤ 当half与所修饰的词紧密结合为一个概念，用连字符构成复合词时，冠词必须位于half之前：
This tour includes a half-hour row. 这个旅行行程包括半小时的划船游玩。
The clock strikes the hours**ut not the half-hours. 这个钟是正点打点而不是半小时打点。
I first met him in the half-light of an early dawn. 我第一次遇见他是在黎明蒙蒙亮的时候。
⑥ 当half作为限定词限定名词时，定冠词、指示代词、形容词性物主代词等限定词位于half之后：
Half the apple****ad. 这苹果半个是坏的。
Half the apples are**ad. 这些苹果半数是坏的。
Half the fruit was**ad. 这些水果有一半已经坏了。
Half the workers are women. 一半工人是妇女。
Women hold up half the sky. 妇女撑起半边天。
We walked half the journey. 我们走了旅程的一半。
He told us half the story. 他给我们讲了故事的一半。
I**ought the**ook at half the price. 我半价买了这本书。
I**ought the**ook at half that price. 我半价买了这本书。
He spends half his time in reading. 他把一半的时间花在阅读上。
⑦ 当half用作不定量代词时不用冠词，但若其前有形容词时要用定冠词；“half of +名词”结构中的名词前应有the, this, my等限定词，其中的of可以省略，此时的half可视为限定词，但“half of +宾格代词”中的of不能省略：
I only need half. 我只需要一半。
I gave her the**igger half. 我给了她较大的半个。
Half (of) the car was damaged. 这辆车坏了半截。
Half (of) the orange was rotten. 这橙子半个已经烂了。
Half (of) the oranges were rotten. 这些橙子一半已经烂了。
Half (of) our work** done. 我们的工作已完成一半。
Half of eight** four. 八的一半是四。
Half of them are teachers. 他们当中有一半是教师。
⑧ 当half用作名词表示特定的一半时，冠词或其他限定词位于half之前：
I like the first half of the film. 我喜欢电影的前半部分。
The second half of the**ook** more exciting than the first. 这本书的后半部分比前半部分更精彩。
Tom scored two goals in the first half. 汤姆在前半场得了两分。
The half of eight** four. 八的一半是四。
A half of eight** four. 八的一半是四。
His half****igger than yours. 他的那一半比你的大。
5.2 当many, such, what等作为限定词限定名词或形容词+名词时，不定冠词位于many, such, what等之后：
Many a student has difficulties in their English studies. 许多学生学习英语有困难。
Many a strong man has weakened**efore such a challenge. 很多坚强的人面对这种挑战都动摇了。
He** such a good teacher as we all respect. 他是一位我们大家都尊敬的好老师。
He** such a good teacher that we all respect him. 他是那样一位好老师，我们大家都尊敬他。
She had such a fright that she fainted. 她吓昏过去了。
He** such a diligent student that he outdoes everyone else in his class. 他那么勤奋，比班里任何人学习都好。
I never saw such a nice picture**efore. 我以前从未看过这样好的图画。
What a fine day! 多好的天气啊！
What a lovely day! 多好的天气啊！
What a lovely girl! 多可爱的女孩啊！
What a clever**oy! 多聪明的孩子啊！
What a good heart you have! 你的心肠真好！
What a pity you didn’t come! 你没有来多遗憾啊！
What a**eautiful campus you have! 你们的校园多美啊！
5.3 当名词前的形容词被副词as, so, too修饰时，冠词位于形容词之后；当too前有far加强语气时，不定冠词应放在加强语之前；当too后有几个形容词修饰一个名词时，不定冠词应跟在第一个形容词之后：
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Tea** as popular a drink as coffee. 茶和咖啡一样是大众喜欢的饮料。
She** too good a girl for me. 这姑娘太好了，我配不上。
5.4 当名词前的形容词被副词how, however修饰时，冠词位于形容词之后，这种结构通常用在感叹句或让步状语从句中：
How fine a sight it**! 多美丽的景
5.5 单数可数名词前有quite, rather修饰时，不定冠词必须位于这些词与名词之间；当名词前的形容词被副词quite, rather修饰时，不定冠词可以位于quite, rather之后，也可以位于quite, rather之前，但位于之后者更常见，位于之前者语气较强；定冠词通常位于quite或rather之后，名词之前：
It’s rather a pity. 这实在可惜。
The**oy** rather a pet. 这男孩是个宝贝儿。
Your daughter** quite a**eauty. 你女儿真是个大美人。
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5.6 在as, though, that引导的让步状语从句中，当表语为形容词修饰的名词时，不定冠词可以省略，但若保留不定冠词，则应将其放在形容词之后名词之前：
5.7 当enough作副词修饰作定语的形容词时，总是位于所修饰的形容词之后，不定冠词可位于形容词之前，也可位于enough之后名词之前：
5.8 当名词前的形容词被that, all that修饰时，不定冠词位于形容词和名词之间，此时的that是副词，意为“那么”：
It’s not that**ig a problem. 这并非那么大的一个问题。
5.9 当名词被far, much, no等副词修饰的形容词比较级修饰时，不定冠词通常置于比较级形容词之后：
5.12 当exactly, much等修饰same时，定冠词放在exactly, much等词之后，same之前：
Both of them have exactly the same properties. 这两者具有完全相同的性质。
Both of them have much the same properties. 这两者具有大致相同的性质。
冠词是英语中十分重要、意义色彩非常复杂的词，它的使用率很高，是英语中最常用的词。
传统语法将冠词分为不定冠词和定冠词两类，现代英语将冠词分为不定冠词、定冠词和零冠词三类。
冠词是一种本身不能独立使用的虚词，一般放在名词前面，帮助说明这个名词的含义。
冠词的用法有其规律性，又有其习惯性。有时必须用不定冠词，有时必须用定冠词；有时既可用不定冠词也可用定冠词；有时不用或缺省冠词；有时用或不用冠词，用不定冠词或用定冠词，意义上又差别很大。
为了更好地掌握和使用冠词，我对冠词的用法进行了深入细致的学习和研究、归纳和总结，整理成册，与广大英语爱好者共同学习。需要者可加微信shengengjingdian，我将分享冠词的详细讲解。
《英语冠词》共十章，前五章讲基本知识，后五章讲深入内容，努力解决现有语法书含糊不清的地方，帮助深层次了解冠词的使用，解决冠词使用和考试中出现的疑难问题。
这是一本论述英语冠词的专著。讲述了不定冠词、定冠词、零冠词的用法以及冠词的省略和后置，详述了各类词语使用冠词的情形，阐述了泛指、类指、特指、独指的语言现象以及不定冠词与数词one的区别和定冠词与指示限定词的区别，解析了冠词使用中常见的错误。特别适合中学生学习英语冠词时使用，也可供英语爱好者以及专家学者遇到冠词使用的疑难问题时查阅。
《英语冠词》目 录
第一章 不定冠词的用法
第二章 定冠词的用法
第三章 零冠词的用法
第四章 冠词的省略
第五章 冠词的后置
第六章 各类词语使用冠词的情形
第七章 泛指、类指、特指、独指
第八章 不定冠词与数词one的区别
第九章 定冠词与指示限定词的区别
英语有很多容易混淆的词语。在英汉词典中有很多汉语释义雷同或相近的英语词汇，在很多情况下，由于语境、搭配、句型结构等不同，它们之间有的存在细微差异，有的存在很大差别；有些词义相同或相近的词汇在某些情况下可换用，但在另一些情况下却不能换用；这在许多同义词、近义词中都有类似情况，很容易误用和错用。在英语词汇中，有些单词相貌非常相似，但词义却不同，很容易张冠李戴。如果不了解同义词、近义词、近形词等易混词语的区别，尤其是这类词之间的细微差异和习惯用法，就掌握不到规范、地道的英语，在交际和写作中常令人匪夷所思，甚至闹出笑话，因此，熟悉和掌握易混词语的区别和用法是非常重要的。
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以易混词语组为主干，列出一组易混词语，说明这组易混词语的共性和区别，逐词阐释词义及用法，并配有例句及汉语译文，以便系统地掌握一组易混词语的共同点和区别。每组词的解释和说明力求简明扼要、通俗易懂，且又尽量详尽；针对解释和说明，选择例句规范、地道、实用，具有时代特色，容易学习模仿，努力做到层次清楚、主次分明，使人见树又见林，知其然更能知其所以然。
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《英语易混词辨析》是我20多年对英语易混词学习和研究的总结。每句话都经过反复考究、反复推敲，有时为考究一句话的正误要花上几天甚至几十天，有的一组词的考证总结就用了几年功夫。
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《英语易混词辨析》目录
1. a, an
2. a[an], one
3. a[an], the
4. abandon, desert, discard, forsake, give up
5. abide,**ear, endure, stand, suffer, tolerate, put up with,**rook
6. ability, capability, capacity, competence, faculty, genius, talent, power, skill, aptitude
7. able, capable, competent, adequate, qualified
8. abnormal, irregular, unusual, eccentric, unnatural, exceptional, subnormal, aberrant
9. aboard,**oard
10. abolish, abrogate, annul, countermand, repeal, rescind, revoke, cancel, call off, do away with
11. about, approximately, around, roughly
12. about, around, round
13. about, of, on
14. above,**eyond, over, more than
15. above, over, on
16. abroad, overseas
17. absolute, complete, entire, perfect, utter, total, thorough, full
18. absorb, digest, assimilate,**
19. abstract, attract, contract, distract, extract, protract, retract, subtract, tractor
20. abstract, digest, outline, summary, resume, synopsis, gist
21. absurd, ridiculous, preposterous, ludicrous
22. accelerate, quicken, speed
23. accent, dialect, tone, pronunciation, intonation
24. accept, receive
25. accessory, appendix, attachment, supplement, affiliation
26. accompany, company, see, attend, escort, convoy
27. accomplish, achieve, complete, finish, fulfil(l)
28. accomplishment, achievement, exploit, feat, success
29. accord, agree, coincide, conform, correspond, square, tally
30. accord, agreement, convention, treaty, pact, compact,**argain, contract, understanding
31. according to, in accordance with, in accord with
32. accordingly, consequently, hence, therefore, thus, so
33. accumulate, amass, assemble, collect, gather, congregate, hoard
34. accurate, exact, precise
35. accuse, charge, denounce,**lame, condemn, scold, rebuke, reproach, censure, chide, reprove, upbraid, impeach
36. achieve, acquire, obtain, gain, get, attain, earn, derive, secure, win, procure
37. achieve, attain, arrive, reach, gain, get, come to
38. acknowledge, admit, concede, confess, own, recognise, recognize, allow, grant
39. acquaintance, friend, intimate, familiar, confidant, confidante
40. act, action,**ehave,**ehavio(u)r, conduct, deed, manner, activity, style
41. actor, actress, performer, player, cast
42. actual, authentic, genuine, positive, practical, real, true, virtual
43. acute, keen, sharp
44. acute,**gent, imperative, critical, crucial, pressing, emergency
45. add, increase, gain, augment, multiply,**roaden, widen, lengthen, enlarge
46. add, plus
47. additional, extra, supplementary
48. address, deliver, discourse, lecture, speak, talk, speech, declaim, orate
49. address, greet, hail, salute, welcome
50. adhere, glue, stick, cling, cohere
51. adopt, foster
52. adorn, decorate, ornament, embellish,**edeck, garnish
53.**, grown-up, mature, ripe, mellow
54. advance, forward, further, promote, expedite
55. advance, move on, proceed, progress, march
56. advanced, progressive, radical
57. advantage,**enefit, profit, interest
58. adventure, venture, risk, hazard, chance
59. adverse, contrary, opposite, reverse, contradictory, converse, inverse
60. advice, proposal, proposition, recommendation, suggestion
61. advise, counsel, propose, recommend, suggest
62. advise, persuade, convince, counsel, recommend,**ge, induce, coax
63. affair,**usiness, concern, matter, thing
64. affect, effect
65. affect, influence, impress, impact, leverage
66. affection, emotion, feeling, passion, sentiment, sentimentality
67. affirm, allege, assert, claim, declare
68. afraid, fearful, dreadful, frightful, awful, awesome, horrible, horrid, horrific, terrible, terrific, frightened, frightening
69. after,**ehind
70. afterward(s), later
71. age, epoch, era, period, times, day, date
72. aged, elderly, old
73. ago,**efore
74. agony, anguish, misery, torment, torture, distress, grief, grieve, mourn, sadden, sadness, sorrow
75. agree, approve, consent, grant, subscribe,**e for, accede, assent, concur
76. aid, assist, help
77. air, atmosphere, gas
78. alike, like, parallel, similar, same, identical, equal, comparable
79. alive, live, living
80. all, whole
81. alleviate, ease, lessen, lighten, relieve, abate, allay, assuage, mitigate, soothe, subside
82. allocate, assign, distribute, divide, allot, apportion
83. allow, permit
84. almost, nearly
85. alone, lonely, lone, lonesome, solitary, desolate, forlorn
86. aloud, loud, loudly
87. already, yet
88. also, as well, too, either
89. although, though
90. altogether, all together
91. always, forever, usually, often, frequently, repeatedly, sometimes, occasionally, seldom, hardly, rarely, never
92. among,**etween
93. amount, number
94. amplify, enlarge, expand, magnify
95.**ogy, likeness, resemblance, similarity
96. ancient, antique, antiquity
97. anger, indignation, fury, rage, outrage, wrath
98. angle, corner, horn
99. animal,**east, creature,**rute
100. announce, declare, proclaim, pronounce, publish
101. annoy,**other, disturb, interfere, interrupt, irritate, trouble
102. another, other
103. answer, reply, respond
104. anxiety, care, concern, worry
105. anxious, eager, keen, hungry, thirsty, longing, yearning
106. any, some
107. anyhow, anyway
108. anyone, any one
109. apparent, clear, distinct, evident, manifest, obvious, plain, noticeable, visible
110. appear, arise, emerge, loom, pop, come out
111. appear, look, seem
112. appoint, designate, name, nominate
113. appreciate, enjoy
114. appropriate, fit, fitting, proper, suitable
115. area, district, region, section, zone,**elt, quarter, part, ward, neighbo(u)rhood, locality
116. argue, dispute, debate, quarrel, row, reason, squabble
117. arise, rise
118. arms, weapon, armament, weaponry
119. army, troops, force, military
120. article, composition, theme, essay, prose,**, editorial, thesis, dissertation
121. artificial, synthetic, man-made, fake, false, sham
122. as, like, alike
123. as good as, as well as
124. ashamed, shameful, shameless
125. ask, question, inquire, examine, interrogate, query, demand
126. asleep, sleep, sleeping, sleepy
127. aspire, desire, dying, hunger, long, pine, starve, thirst, yearn, pant, crave
128. associate, colleague, companion, company, fellow, mate, partner, comrade
129. association, society, club, league, union, alliance, federation, fellowship, community
130. assure, ensure, insure, guarantee
131. at, in, on
132. attach,**and,**andage,**ind,**unch,**undle, chain, fasten, hitch, rope, secure, strap, tape, tie, wrap
133. attempt, try, endeavo(u)r
134. attend, join, participate, take part in,**e[go] in for, enter
135. attract, draw, appeal, charm, tempt, lure, allure, entice
136. audience, spectator, listeners, viewers
137. author, writer
138.**enge, revenge, retaliate
139.**enue, street, road, lane, way, expressway, freeway, motorway, highway, highroad, pavement, sidewalk, pedestrian crossing, zebra crossing, pedestrian crosswalk, alley, drive, driveway, parkway, path, footpath, footway, pathway, trace, track, trail, route, course, line
140.**oid, dodge, escape, flee, run away, miss, duck, elude, evade, shun
141. await, wait
142. award, reward, prize,**onus
143. awkward, clumsy, ungainly
144.**aby, child,**oy, girl, infant, kid, lad, lass,**abe, toddler
145.**achelor,**, doctor
146.**ad, ill, evil, wicked
147.**affle,**ewilder, confuse, embarrass, puzzle, perplex, confound, disconcert, mystify
148.**ake, roast, toast, grill,**roil,**arbecue
149.**alance, equilibrate, equilibrium, poise
150.**ald,**are,**arren, naked, nude, stark
151.**an, forbid, prohibit
152.**ank,**each, coast, shore, seaside
153.**anner, flag, standard, pennant
154.**ar,**arricade,**arrier,**lock, roadblock, handicap, hindrance, hurdle, impediment, obstacle, obstruction
155.**ar,**arricade,**lock, roadblock, deter, forestall, hamper, handicap, hinder, impede, inhibit, interfere, interrupt, obstruct, prevent, stop, keep, hold
156.**arbarous,**loody,**rutal, cruel, ferocious, fierce, inhuman, merciless, pitiless, ruthless, savage, vicious
157.**ase,**asis, foundation
158.**asic, elemental, elementary, essential, fundamental, primary, rudimentary
159.**ath,**athe
160.**ay,**ight, cove, creek, fiord, fjord, gulf, inlet
161**e about to do,**e going to (do)
162.**eam,**laze, glare, glow, ray, shine, light, lighten, illuminate, kindle
163.**ear,**ore,**orn,**orne,**irth
164.**eat, defeat, win, victory, conquer, overcome, prevail, triumph, vanquish
165.**eautiful, pretty, handsome, good-looking
166.**ecause, as, since, for
167.**ecause of, due to, owing to, on account of, thanks to
168.**eckon, gesture, motion, sign, signal
169.**egin, start
170.**elieve, trust
171.**eloved, favo(u)rite, popular
172.**elow, under,**eneath, underneath
173.**eside,**esides
174.**esides, apart from, aside from, else than, other than
175.**esiege, encircle, enclose, envelop, fence, picket, surround
176.**etter, improve
177.**ig, large, great
178.**ite, gnaw, nibble, chew, peck, lick, devour, swallow
179.**ite, gnaw, snap, savage, nibble, peck, sting
180.**lank, margin, empty,**are, hollow, vacant, free, void, vacuum
181.**last,**low,**urst, explode, dynamite, erupt
182.**lemish, flaw, defect, shortcoming, weakness, fault
183.**lend, compound, mixture, composite, alloy
184.**lend, mix, combine, mingle, merge
185.**link, flare, flash, flicker, glance, gleam, glimmer, glint, glisten, glitter, shimmer, spark, sparkle, twinkle, wink
186.**link, wink, twinkle
187.**lush, flush, glow, crimson, redden
188.**oard, commission, committee, council, jury
189.**oat, canoe, craft, dinghy, ferry, raft, yacht, sail, ship, liner, cruiser, vessel, tanker,**arge, tug, steamer, sub
190.**old,**rave, courage, dare, heroic
191.**order,**oundary, frontier,**arrier, division, limit
192.**order,**rim, rim,**rink, edge, fringe, margin, verge
193.**orrow, lend, loan, use
194.**oth, either, neither
195.**owl, cup, glass, plate, saucer, dish, dishes, spoon, chopsticks, knife, fork
196.**ranch,**ough, limb, twig, spray, shoot
197.**rand, make, trademark, label, tag
198.**reak,**urst, chip, crack, crash, crush, fracture, grind, shatter,**ash, snap, splinter, split
199.**reed, foster, raise, rear,**ring up
200.**rief, short
201.**ring, take, fetch, get
202.**road, wide
203.**urden, load
204.**usiness, commerce, trade,**argain, deal, traffic
205.**usinessman, dealer, merchant, trader, tradesman, retailer, wholesaler
206.**utton, knob, switch, control, dial, wheel
207.**uy, purchase
208. calculate, compute, count, figure, number, reckon, work out
209. calm, quiet, silent, still, placid, restful, serene, tranquil
210. campaign, crusade, drive, movement, motion
211. can, could,**e able to
212. can, could, may, might
213. can, could, may, might, must
214. cane, staff, stick
215. cap, hat
216. careful, cautious, discreet, guarded, prudent, prudential, alert, vigilant, wary, watchful
217. carry,**ear, hump, tote, haul, lug, cart, run, raft, fly, ship, convey, deliver, ferry, shuttle, hurry, transport
218. case, circumstance, condition, situation, state, status
219. catastrophe, calamity, disaster, plague, tragedy
220. catch, clutch, grasp, grip, seize, capture, clasp, grab, snatch, arrest, trap
221. cause, reason
222. caution, warn, forewarn, admonish
223. celebrate, congratulate, compliment
224. centre, core, focus, heart, hub, nucleus, middle
225. certain, sure
226. chance, occasion, opportunity,**reak
227. change, alter, convert, vary, transform, turn, adapt, modify, adjust, accommodate
228. channel, strait
229. character, individuality, personality, nature
230. charter, hire, lease, let, rent, tenant
231. chase, catch, pursue, hunt,**e[run, go, get, seek] after
232. check, examine, inspect,**, verify, go over, go through, look over, look through
233. chief, main, major, primary, prime, principal, capital, central, key, leading
234. choice, pick, alternative, option, election, selection, vote, preference
235. choose, pick, select, prefer, elect, vote, opt
236. circle, circuit, encircle, orbit, revolve, rotate, swivel, wheel, crank, pivot, spin, whirl, twirl, twist, swirl, turn, roll, round
237. cite, quote
238. class, course, lesson
239. clay, earth, ground, mud, soil, land
240. clever, wise,**art,**right,**rilliant, gifted, ingenious, intellectual, intelligent, sagacious, shrewd, apt, cute
241. climate, weather
242. climb, crawl, creep, ascend, mount, scale, scramble
243. close, conclude, end, finish, terminate
244. close, shut
245. clothe, dress, wear, put on, have on,**e in
246. clothes, clothing, coat, dress, suit
247. coarse, crude, rude, rough, harsh, vulgar
248. cold,**leak, chill, chilly, cool, warm, warmth, heat, hot
249. column, file, queue, rank, row, line, range, procession
250. come, go
251. comfort, console, relieve, solace, soothe, appease, placate, pacify
252. comfort, ease
253. command, direct, instruct, order,**id, dictate
254. common, general, universal, normal, ordinary, usual,**erage, commonplace
255. compare, contrast
256. compel, constrain, enforce, force, impel, impose, oblige
257. complex, complicated, intricate, involved
258. component, constituent, element, ingredient
259. compose, comprise, consist of, constitute, form, make
260. comprehensible, comprehensive
261. concentrate, focus
262. concept, conception, notion, idea, outlook, opinion, thinking, thought, judgement, view, viewpoint
263. concern, concerned, concerning
264. conduct, direct, guide, lead, navigate, pilot, steer, usher
265. confine, limit, restrict
266. connect, join, joint, link, combine, couple, associate, unite, unify
267. consequence, effect, result, outcome, upshot, finding, fruit
268. consequence, importance, significance, value, magnitude
269. consign, despatch, dispatch, express, forward, freight, mail, email, post, send
270. conspire, plot, scheme
271. contain, include, involve, comprise, cover, embrace
272. content, fulfil(l), gratify, meet, please, satisfy
273. continual, continuous, consecutive, successive, constant, persistent, perpetual straight, ceaseless, incessant, nonstop, uninterrupted
274. continually, continuously
275. continuance, continuation, continuity
276. continue, carry, go on, move on, proceed, resume, persist, endure, hold, keep, last
277. continue, keep, lie, remain, rest, sit, stand, stay, hold, last
278. contribute, dedicate, devote, donate
279. cook, cooker
280. cope, deal, dispose, handle, manage, treat
281. cordial, earnest, genuine, hearty, sincere
282. corridor, passage, aisle, hall, porch, veranda(h), gallery, catwalk, walkway
283. cost, expend, spend, take
284. costly, dear, expensive
285. country, countryside, village
286. country, nation, state
287. couple, pair
288. crazy, frantic, insane, mad, nuts
289. create, invent, discover, find
290. crime, evil, guilt, offence, offense, sin, vice, violation, misdeed, wrongdoing
291. criminal, evil, guilty, sinful, wicked
292. crop, harvest, reap, yield
293. cross, across, over
294. crowd, throng, squash, lot, mob, rabble, horde,**and, parcel, gang, drove, flock, herd, pack, school, shoal, swarm, company, party, group, colony, multitude, cloud, host, troop, cluster, crop, crush, wave
295. cry, wail,**lubber,**awl, howl, weep, snivel, sob, whimper, whine, tear
296. cure, heal, mend, remedy, treat, doctor, medicate
297. custom, habit, manner, convention, practice, tradition, use, usage, way
298. customary, accustomed, conventional, habitual, traditional, usual, used
299. customer,**, patron, guest, passenger, consumer,**uyer, purchaser, shopper
300. damage, harm, hurt, impair, injure, wound, disable, cripple, paralys[z]e, mar, spoil,**ruise,**urn, cut, scratch, maim, pull, tear, strain, sprain, twist, wrench
301. damp, dank, humid, moist, muggy, wet
302.**er, hazard, peril, risk
303.**erous, hazardous, perilous, precarious, risky, unsafe
304. dark,**lack, dim, dusky, gloomy, obscure
305. deceive, cheat, trick, defraud, swindle, fool, con, fleece, impose
306. decide, determine, resolve, settle, make up one’s mind
307. decline, decrease, diminish, dwindle, lessen, reduce
308. decline, descend, fall, drip, drop, sink, subside, degrade, fail
309. deep, deeply
310. deep, profound
311. defend, guard, preserve, protect, safeguard, ensure, secure, shield
312. defer, delay, postpone, prolong, protract, put off, retard, suspend
313. delicate, faint, feeble, fragile, frail, impotent, infirm, limp, soft, weak
314. depend, rely,**ank, count, reckon, rest, trust
315. deprive, dispossess, divest, rob, strip
316. deride, gibe, jibe, jeer, laugh at, mock, rag, ridicule, scoff, scorn, sneer, taunt, tease
317. desirable, desirous
318. desk, table
319. despite, in spite of, notwithstanding, for all, with all
320. destroy, damage, demolish, devastate, raze, ruin, wreck
321. die, death, dead, deadly, deathly, dying
322. die, drown, execute, hang, kill, poison, strangle, starve
323. die, expire, pass, perish, decease
324. differ, disagree, disapprove, dissent, divide, object, oppose
325. different, various, diverse, distinct, distinctive
326. differentiate, discriminate, distinguish,**l
327. difficult, hard
328. digit, figure, number, numeral
329. disability, inability
330. disable, enable, unable
331. disappear, fade, vanish, merge, lift, swallow
332. disclose, expose, reveal, uncover
333. disease, illness, sickness, complaint, disorder, trouble, ailment, malady, malaise
334. dispatch, hasten, hurry, rush
335. dispel, disperse, dissipate, scatter
336. display, exhibit, expose, show
337. disposition, temper, temperament
338. distant, far, remote
339. divide, divorce, part, insulate,**olate, segregate, separate
340. do, make
341. doctor, physician, surgeon, dentist, psychiatrist, resident, practitioner, GP
342. door, gate, exit, gateway
343. doubt, suspect, question, distrust, mistrust
344. drag, draw, haul, jerk, lug, pull, stretch, tow, tug, trail
345. dread, fear, fright, horror, panic, scare, startle, terror, alarm
346. drift, float
347. drill, exercise, practice, train
348. drink, have, gulp, lick, sip, slurp,**, swallow
349. drive, ride, fly, sail, motor
350. duty, obligation, responsibility, liability
351. each, every
352. each other, one another
353. earnest, grave, serious, sober, solemn
354. eat, dine, have, take, help yourself
355. economic, economical, economically, economics, economy, financial, financially, finance, fiscal
356. educate, instruct, teach, school, train, coach, tutor
357. effective, effectual, efficacious, efficient
358. effort, endeavo(u)r, exert, pains, struggle, strain, strive, take … trouble
359. elder, eldest; older, oldest
360. electric, electrical, electronic
361. elegant, graceful
362. elongate, extend, lengthen, stretch, prolong, protract
363. else, other
364. embrace, hug, clasp, cradle, press, squeeze, cuddle, clinch
365. emphasis[z]e, stress, underline, underscore, accent, accentuate, highlight
366. employ, engage, hire
367. encounter, meet
enough, sufficient, adequate, 368. ample, plentiful
369. environment, surroundings, circumstance, conditions
370. especially, particularly, specially
371. esteem, hono(u)r, regard, respect, revere, reverence, adore, worship, admire, homage
372.**, accident, incident, occurrence, casualty, mishap, happening
373.**ual,**ually; final, finale, finally; last, lastly, at last; ultimate, ultimately; at length, in the end
374. everybody, everyone, every one
375. examination, quiz,**, final, oral, makeup
376. example, instance, case, illustration
377. example, model, pattern
378. exceed, excel, surpass, transcend, outdo, outstrip
379. except,**ut, excluding,**ar,**eyond, outside, save, unless, short of, next to, no counting, otherwise
380. excuse, forgive, pardon, overlook
381. exhausted, exhausting, exhaustive
382. exist, live, survive
383. expand, swell, dilate, distend, inflate
384. expert, specialist, authority, guru, pundit
385. extend, spread, stretch
386. exterior, external, outer, outside, outward
387. fade, wilt, wither
388. fair, fairly
389. fairly, quite, rather, pretty, very
390. fame, glory, hono(u)r, name, prestige, renown, reputation, repute, stature
391. family, home, house, household
392. farther, further; farthest, furthest
393. fast, quick, rapid, swift, prompt, speedy, express, hasty
394. fee, charge, cost, expense, fare, freight, toll, tip, expenditure
395. few, a few, little, a little
396. fighter, soldier, warrior
397. film, movie, picture, cinema
398. find, look, search, seek, hunt, comb, rake, rummage
399. fine, good, nice, well
400. fire,**urn,**laze, flame, flare, light, ignite, kindle
401. fit, suit, match
402. fittings, fixture, furniture
403. flesh, meat
404. flower,**loom,**lossom
405. fluid, liquid, gas, solid
406. fog, mist, haze,**og
407. follow, trace, track, trail, tail, shadow, stalk
408. foolish, silly, stupid, dull, fatuous
409. force, power, strength, energy, might, vigour
410. forceful, forcible
411. forecast, foresee, foresight, foretell, forewarn, predict, prophecy, prophesy
412. foregoing, former, preceding, previous, prior
413. forest, jungle,**ushes, shrubbery, wood(s), grove
414. forget, leave
415. form, shape, figure, outline, profile
416.**, match, race, quiz, final, rival, compete, contend, contest, dispute, scramble
417. gift, present
418. give, accord, award, confer, grant, present, entitle,**estow, vouchsafe
419. glad, happy, pleasant, nice, cheerful, agreeable, delightful, jolly, joyful, joyous, merry, gay
420. good-bye,**ye,**ye-bye, so long, farewell
421. grand, magnificent, splendid, superb, glorious, gorgeous, spectacular, imposing, majestic, sublime
422. grow, plant, cultivate, crop, seed, sow
423. happen, occur, chance,**reak out, take place,**efall
424. harbo(u)r, port, seaport, dock, pier, jetty, quay, wharf
425. hard, harsh, rigid, rigorous, severe, stern, strict
426. hardly, scarcely,**arely
427. heading, headline, title, theme, subject, topic
428. heap, pile, stack, mass,**ank
429. hear, listen
430. height, altitude, elevation, stature
431. hide, conceal,**ury, cache, cloak, cover, disguise, harbo(u)r, mask, screen, shelter, suppress, veil
432. high, tall, lofty
433. hint, imply, indicate, intimate, suggest, allude, insinuate
434. holiday, vacation, leave, festival, furlough
435. hope, want, wish
436. hunger, hungry, starve, starvation, famine, famish
437. identify, recognise, recognize, make out, pick out, place, know, spot,**l
438. idle, lazy, indolent
439. ill, sick
440. imaginable, imaginary, imaginative
441. important, significant, vital, momentous
442. in addition to, as well as, on top of, over and above, among other things, more than, along with
443. income, pay, salary, wage
444. individual, personal, private, intimate, privy
445.**rmation,**, intelligence, message, news, tidings, word
446. insist, persevere, persist, adhere, cling, assert, stay, maintain, hang, hold, keep, stick, endure
447. intend, mean, plan,**e going to,**e thinking of
448. invaluable, priceless, precious, valuable, valued
449. investigate, enquire, inquire, probe, survey
450. jest, joke,**anter, kid, tease, quip
451. job, task, duty, chore, labour, toil, work
452. jump, leap,**ound,**ounce, hop, skip, spring, clear, gambol, hurdle, vault
453. kind, sort, type, category, class, classification,**reed, species, variety
454. lack, absent, absence, deficient, deficiency, scarce, scarcity, short, shortage, want, need
455. landscape, outlook, panorama, perspective, prospect, scene, scenery, sight, spectacle, view
456. late, later, latter, latest, last, lately, latterly, lastly
457. lately, recently, not long ago, soon
458. laugh, chortle, guffaw, roar, mirth, chuckle, giggle, simper,**irk, snicker, snigger, titter, grin,**eam,**ile
459. lawsuit, suit, proceed, action, case, cause, litigate, sue, prosecute, indict, appeal
460. lay, lie
461. lay, place, put, set
462. learn, study
463. lie, falsehood, fib, story
464. lift, raise, elevate, hoist, heave
465. list, schedule, timetable, table, form
466. little,**all
467. locality, location, place, position, site, situation, spot, scene
468. look, see, watch
469. love, lover, lovely, loving, lovable
470. luck, chance,**reak, lot, fortune, fate, destiny, doom
471. machine, machinery
472. many, a (large[good, great]) number of, a (great, large) multitude (of), a good few (of)
473. map, atlas, chart, plot, design,**lueprint, draft, sketch, plan, diagram, graph, illustration, figure, artwork
474. mark, tick, check, sign, symbol, character,**rand
475. material, matter, substance, stuff
476. medicine, drug, specific, remedy, cure
477. meeting, conference, convention, assembly, rally, congress, council, session, summit, gathering, caucus
478. memoris[z]e, recall, recollect, remember, remind
479. mend, patch, repair, fix
480. method, means, way, manner, approach, process, mode,**, fashion
481. mighty, powerful
482. migrate, migrant, migration; emigrate, emigrant, emigration; immigrate, immigrant, immigration
483. mission, task, assignment
484. mistake,**lunder, fault, error, slip, wrong
485. moment, instant, minute, second, flash
486. more, most, a lot (of), a large[good, great, huge, vast] quantity (of), plenty (of), a (great, huge) mass of
487. move, remove, shift, transfer
488. much, a large[great, huge] amount of, a good[great] deal (of), a fair[good, nice]**it (of)
489. much, very
490. name, title
491. neighbo(u)rhood, vicinity, proximity
492. nervous, tense, stressful
493. no, not
494. object, objective, purpose, aim, end, goal, target
495. offer, proffer, provide, supply, afford, accommodate, equip, furnish, tender, volunteer
496. only, sole, single, unique
497. origin, root, source, spring,**eginning,**irth, cause
498. ought to, should
499. pain, ache
500. pass, past
501. peak, summit, top, climax, zenith
502. percent, per cent, percentage
503. phylum, class, order, family, genus, species
504. picture, painting, drawing, outline, sketch, portrait, landscape, caricature, cartoon
505. plan, design,**lueprint, program(me), project
506. poem, poetry, verse, stanza, epic, lyric, doggerel, jingle
507. possible, likely, probable
508. possibly, perhaps, maybe, likely, probably
509. press, compress, depress, express, impress, oppress, repress, suppress
510. price, charge, cost
511. problem, question
512. proportion, rate, ratio, scale
513. quality, quantity, mass, weight
514. quiver, shiver, tremble, thrill, vibrate, shake, shudder, convulse, quake, quaver, tremor
515. rare, scarce, at a premium
516. react, reaction; respond, response
517. refuse, reject, decline, deny, repel, repulse, rebuff
518. relate, relation, relationship, relative, relativity
519. rescue, save, deliver, redeem
520. respectable, respected, respectful
521. respecting, respective
522. responsible, responsive
523. school, university, college, academy, institute
524. seat, sit
525. sensible, sensitive
526. shall, should, will, would
527. shout,**awl, cry, call, exclaim, holler, yell, scream, shriek, screech, squall, squeal, squeak, wail,**ark,**ay, growl, howl, snarl, whine, yap, yelp, yip,**ellow, roar, thunder
528. slow, slowly
529.**ell, taste, odo(u)r, fragrance, perfume, scent, incense, stink, whiff, aroma, flavo(u)r, savo(u)r, tang
530. some time, some times, sometime, sometimes
531. sound, noise, voice
532. soundless, noiseless, voiceless
533. speed, velocity, rate, pace, tempo, gallop
534. stop, cease, halt, pause, quit
535. storm, tempest, hurricane, typhoon, gale, cyclone, tornado, waterspout, twister, whirlwind,**lizzard
536. story, legend, tale, romance, narrative, narration, anecdote, fable, folklore, myth, fiction, novel, saga
537. surprise, wonder
538. symbol, attribute,**adge, token, emblem
539. technical, technological
540. technique, technology
541. thank, appreciate, oblige
542. thin, lean, slender, slight, slim, spare, lanky, gaunt, scrawny,**ony, skinny
543. think,**elieve, consider, count, deem, reckon, regard
544. throw, cast, heave, fling, hurl, pitch, toss
545. till, until
546. tired, tiring, tiresome
547. tired, weary, fatigued, exhausted
548. traffic, transport, transportation, conveyance, vehicle
549. transmit, carry, convey, conduct
550. travel, journey, tour, trip, voyage, cruise, excursion, jaunt, junket
551. used to, would;**e used to,**e accustomed to
552. valuable, invaluable; precious, priceless
553. value, worth
554. variable, varied, various, variance, variant, variation, variety
555. visit, call, drop, see, look, come, stop
556. wake, waken, awake, awaken, arouse, rouse
557. walk, pace, step, stride, stroll, strut, plod
558. war, campaign,**attle, combat, conflict, fight, warfare
559. -ward, -wards
560. worth, worthwhile, worthy, deserve, merit
